Fat Loss & Metabolism

A modified 15-amino-acid fragment corresponding to the C-terminus of human growth hormone (residues 177–191) with an added N-terminal tyrosine, designed at Monash University in the 1990s to isolate the lipolytic activity of hGH from its growth-signalling activity. Preclinical work described increased lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis in adipose tissue models without the anabolic signalling of full-length hGH. The compound was taken into human phase 2b obesity trials by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals; the 2007 12-week randomised placebo-controlled trial did not meet its primary weight-loss endpoint. The compound was subsequently repositioned as a 'generally recognised as safe' (GRAS) ingredient for functional-food applications — a regulatory pathway distinct from FDA drug approval, which the compound has never received.

A 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within a short open reading frame in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene — one of a small class of 'mitochondrial-derived peptides' whose defining feature is that they originate from the mitochondrial genome rather than the nuclear genome. First characterised by Lee, Cohen and colleagues at USC in 2015. Proposed to function as a mitochondrion-to-nucleus retrograde signal, with reported downstream activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and modulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical work in mice describes exercise-mimetic effects on skeletal muscle glucose handling and running capacity. Human data are dominated by circulating-level correlational studies (levels lower in aged, obese, and diabetic populations); no completed phase-2 or phase-3 interventional trial of exogenous MOTS-c in humans has been published.

An investigational once-weekly molecule that activates three receptors at once — GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon. In Phase 3 clinical development (Eli Lilly's TRIUMPH program) for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Not approved by any regulator; no approved commercial formulation; no standardized public reconstitution instructions.

A once-weekly (subcutaneous) or once-daily (oral) GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA and EMA under distinct brand names for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic, Rybelsus), chronic weight management (Wegovy), and cardiovascular risk reduction in specified populations. It signals through a single incretin receptor, without direct GIP or glucagon receptor activity.

A synthetic full-length analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that binds the pituitary GHRH receptor and stimulates the body's own pulsatile release of growth hormone. Research contexts include visceral fat reduction, body composition, and hepatic fat — a research-use peptide that preserves the physiologic GH pulse rather than replacing GH directly.

A two-component GH-axis research blend: Tesamorelin 5 mg + Ipamorelin 5 mg = 10 mg total. The pairing combines Tesamorelin (a stabilised GHRH analogue documented for visceral-fat reduction in the peer-reviewed GHRH-analogue literature) with Ipamorelin (a selective ghrelin-receptor agonist that adds GH pulse amplification without cortisol / prolactin / ACTH elevation). The mechanistic argument is similar to the CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin blend — dual-pathway GH stimulation — but with a Tesamorelin backbone chosen specifically for its documented visceral-fat-reduction pharmacology. The 1:1 vial ratio produces an inherent dose trade-off worth naming honestly: the 2 mg Tesamorelin research reference (0.4 mL of the reconstituted blend) delivers 1 mg of Ipamorelin — meaningfully above its optimal 0.25–0.375 mg range. The 0.2 mL compromise dose gives 0.5 mg of each — Tesamorelin below its research reference and Ipamorelin above its optimal.

A single molecule that activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors across the pancreas, gut, and brain. Tirzepatide is approved by the FDA and EMA for specified indications involving type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, under distinct brands and regulatory labeling.