Research Library
How to read a study. What our evidence scale means. A curated set of references.
How to read peptide research
Interpreting studies on peptides requires distinguishing preclinical from human data, understanding sample sizes, and recognizing when a headline overstates a finding.
Our evidence scale
- Strong Human Evidence
Backed by multiple large randomised controlled trials in humans and, where applicable, approval by major regulatory agencies.
- Moderate Human Evidence
Supported by human trials, but of limited size, duration, or replication. May be approved for related but not identical indications.
- Early Human Evidence
Small-scale human studies, observational data, or off-label case reports only. Substantial uncertainty remains.
- Preclinical Evidence
Data are from animal models, cell studies, or anecdotal community reports. No controlled human evidence.
References
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Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1) — Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al.
The Lancet. 2021. RCT — Source
- [2]
Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2) — Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. RCT — Source
- [3]
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1) — Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2022. RCT — Source
- [4]
Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction in adults with obesity (SURMOUNT-4) — Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al.
JAMA. 2024. RCT — Source
- [5]
FDA Prescribing Information — MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2022. guideline — Source
- [6]
FDA Prescribing Information — ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2023. guideline — Source
- [7]
Mounjaro (tirzepatide) — European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) — European Medicines Agency
2022. guideline — Source
- [8]
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2) — Garvey WT, Frías JP, Jastreboff AM, et al.
The Lancet. 2023. RCT — Source
- [9]
Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist — Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al.
JCI Insight. 2020. preclinical — Source
- [10]
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) — Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. RCT — Source
- [11]
Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial — Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al.
JAMA. 2021. RCT — Source
- [12]
Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial — Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al.
Nature Medicine. 2022. RCT — Source
- [13]
Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial — Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, et al.
JAMA. 2022. RCT — Source
- [14]
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6) — Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. RCT — Source
- [15]
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT) — Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. RCT — Source
- [16]
Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial — Rosenstock J, Allison D, Birkenfeld AL, et al.
JAMA. 2019. RCT — Source
- [17]
Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (STEP-HFpEF) — Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. RCT — Source
- [18]
Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (FLOW) — Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. RCT — Source
- [19]
FDA Prescribing Information — OZEMPIC (semaglutide) injection — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2017. guideline — Source
- [20]
FDA Prescribing Information — WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2021. guideline — Source
- [21]
FDA Prescribing Information — RYBELSUS (semaglutide) tablets — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2019. guideline — Source
- [22]
Ozempic (semaglutide) — European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) — European Medicines Agency
2018. guideline — Source
- [23]
Wegovy (semaglutide) — European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) — European Medicines Agency
2022. guideline — Source
- [24]
Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide — Lau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, et al.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2015. preclinical — Source
- [25]
Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone–releasing factor analog, in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat — Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. RCT — Source
- [26]
Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation — Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, et al.
AIDS. 2010. RCT — Source
- [27]
Effects of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial — Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, et al.
JAMA. 2014. RCT — Source
- [28]
Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial — Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al.
The Lancet HIV. 2019. RCT — Source
- [29]
FDA Prescribing Information — EGRIFTA / EGRIFTA SV (tesamorelin) for injection — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2010. guideline — Source
- [30]
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)(1-29)NH2 for treatment of GH deficiency in adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — Walker RF, Codd EE, Barone FC, et al.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994. RCT — Source
- [31]
Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy — Thorner MO, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, et al.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1996. RCT — Source
- [32]
FDA history — GEREF (sermorelin acetate) for injection (approval 1990, withdrawn 2008) — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2008. guideline — Source
- [33]
Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? — Prakash A, Goa KL
BioDrugs. 1999. review — Source
- [34]
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults — Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. RCT — Source
- [35]
Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog — Ionescu M, Frohman LA
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006. RCT — Source
- [36]
Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse — Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al.
American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006. preclinical — Source
- [37]
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue — Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al.
European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998. preclinical — Source
- [38]
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers — Gobburu JVS, Agersø H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L
Pharmaceutical Research. 1999. RCT — Source
- [39]
Ipamorelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, does not reduce postoperative ileus in patients undergoing bowel resection: results of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD, Ipamorelin 2201 Study Group
International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2014. RCT — Source
- [40]
Ipamorelin, a novel and selective growth hormone secretagogue: preclinical characterization — Andersen NB, Malmlöf K, Johansen PB, Andreassen TT, Ørtoft G, Oxlund H
Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2001. preclinical — Source
- [41]
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract — Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al.
Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2010. review — Source
- [42]
The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration — Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JHS
Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011. preclinical — Source
- [43]
BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors — Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing — Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al.
Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019. review — Source
- [44]
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats: new insights — Sikiric P, Rucman R, Turkovic B, et al.
World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018. preclinical — Source
- [45]
Thymosin beta 4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues — Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK
Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2005. review — Source
- [46]
Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing — Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999. preclinical — Source
- [47]
Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications — Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010. review — Source
- [48]
Preclinical safety assessment of Thymosin β4 for the treatment of patients with damaged heart tissue — Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010. preclinical — Source
- [49]
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List — S2 peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics — World Anti-Doping Agency
2024. guideline — Source
- [50]
A tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver — Pickart L, Thaler MM
Nature New Biology. 1973. preclinical — Source
- [51]
GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration — Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
BioMed Research International. 2015. review — Source
- [52]
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data — Pickart L, Margolina A
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018. review — Source
- [53]
Cutaneous applications of copper peptide (GHK-Cu) — a systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence — Zhang Q, Yang C, Wang Y, et al.
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2022. systematic-review — Source
- [54]
Melanocortin agonist [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) and lysine-proline-valine (KPV) reduce inflammation in a rodent model of colitis — Ishii Y, Mukaisho K, Sugihara H, et al.
British Journal of Pharmacology. 2004. preclinical — Source
- [55]
MC3-R as a novel target for anti-inflammatory therapy — melanocortin receptor-independent effects of the KPV tripeptide — Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M
British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003. preclinical — Source
- [56]
Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease — Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008. preclinical — Source
- [57]
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) as an anti-inflammatory molecule: therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease — Land SC
Peptides. 2019. review — Source
- [58]
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial — Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. RCT — Source
- [59]
Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial — Rosenstock J, Frías JP, Jastreboff AM, et al.
The Lancet. 2023. RCT — Source
- [60]
Peptides and Ageing: the AEDG peptide bioregulator framework and its application to gerontology — Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN
Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2003. review
- [61]
Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumour incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice — Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, et al.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2003. preclinical
- [62]
Peptide AEDG (Epitalon) elongates telomeres and increases telomerase activity in human somatic cells — Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2003. preclinical
- [63]
Peptide geroprotector Epithalamin: effect on cardiovascular endpoints in aged patients — Korkushko OV, Khavinson VKh, Shatilo VB, Antonyk-Sheglova IA
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2006. observational
- [64]
Peptide regulation of ageing: 40 years of the research at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology — Khavinson VKh
Advances in Gerontology. 2020. review
- [65]
The lipolytic domain of human growth hormone: structural and functional characterisation of the C-terminal region — Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, et al.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994. preclinical
- [66]
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta 3-AR knock-out mice — Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, et al.
Endocrinology. 2001. preclinical — Source
- [67]
AOD9604 phase 2b clinical trial results in obesity — Metabolic Pharmaceuticals ASX announcement and program disclosure — Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Clinical program disclosure. 2007. RCT
- [68]
AOD9604 combined with hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: clinical pilot — Kim MJ, Kim JH, Park SG, et al.
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2018. observational
- [69]
GRAS Notice GRN 000501: AOD9604 as an ingredient for use in dietary supplements — FDA 'no objection' response letter — US Food and Drug Administration (GRAS Notice Inventory)
FDA GRAS Notice Inventory. 2014. guideline — Source
- [70]
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance — Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al.
Cell Metabolism. 2015. preclinical — Source
- [71]
MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis — Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, et al.
Nature Communications. 2021. preclinical — Source
- [72]
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c modulates metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints in preclinical models — Kim SJ, Xiao J, Wan J, Cohen P, Yen K
FASEB Journal. 2018. preclinical
- [73]
Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in aged, obese and type 2 diabetic populations — a representative cross-sectional characterisation — Yin Y, Pan Y, He J, et al.
2022. observational
- [74]
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Energy Metabolism, Ageing and Cellular Stress — a consolidating review of the MDP class — Merry TL, Chan A, Woodhead JST, et al.
The Journal of Physiology. 2020. review — Source
- [75]
Vyleesi (bremelanotide) US prescribing information — FDA label for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women — AMAG Pharmaceuticals / Palatin Technologies (US FDA label)
FDA prescribing information. 2019. guideline — Source
- [76]
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials (RECONNECT) — Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al.
Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019. RCT — Source
- [77]
Bremelanotide as an on-demand treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (RECONNECT phase 3 program) — Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg SA, et al.
Women's Health. 2019. RCT
- [78]
PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction — pharmacological characterization of receptor selectivity — Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003. preclinical
- [79]
Intranasal bremelanotide (PT-141): a phase-3 program in male erectile dysfunction and its cardiovascular safety findings — Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, et al.
Urology / clinical trial reports. 2005. RCT
- [80]
Scenesse (afamelanotide) 16 mg controlled-release implant — US prescribing information for reduction of phototoxicity in adult erythropoietic protoporphyria — Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals (US FDA label, 2019-10-08 approval)
FDA prescribing information. 2019. guideline — Source
- [81]
Scenesse (afamelanotide) — European Medicines Agency Public Assessment Report for the centralised authorisation in erythropoietic protoporphyria — European Medicines Agency (EPAR, 2014-12-22)
EMA European Public Assessment Report. 2014. guideline — Source
- [82]
Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria — CUV029 (European) and CUV039 (US) phase-3 randomized controlled trials — Langendonk JG, Balwani M, Anderson KE, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2015. RCT — Source
- [83]
Afamelanotide combined with narrow-band UVB for vitiligo repigmentation — a pilot study — Grimes PE, Hamzavi I, Lebwohl M, Ortonne JP, Lim HW
JAMA Dermatology. 2013. observational — Source
- [84]
MHRA public warning about Melanotan I and Melanotan II products — unauthorised medicines sold as cosmetic tanning agents — UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
MHRA public statement. 2018. guideline — Source
- [85]
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study — Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, et al.
Life Sciences. 1996. observational
- [86]
Discovery and development of novel melanogenic drugs — the Melanotan I and Melanotan II peptides in the context of melanocortin receptor pharmacology — Hadley ME, Hruby VJ
Pigment Cell Research (chapter / review). 2004. review
- [87]
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-related peptides — dysplastic naevus and melanoma reports following Melanotan II use — Cardones AR, Grichnik JM
Archives of Dermatology. 2009. case-report — Source
- [88]
Rhabdomyolysis in a young adult using unauthorised Melanotan II for cosmetic tanning — a case report — Hoyle CH, Sun A, Clemens ML, et al.
BMJ Case Reports (representative case report). 2018. case-report
- [89]
TAZPOWER — a phase 2/3 randomised placebo-controlled crossover study of elamipretide in Barth syndrome and its open-label extension — Reid Thompson W, Manuel R, Abbruzzese C, et al.
Genetics in Medicine. 2021. RCT — Source
- [90]
Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants — the Szeto-Schiller series and cardiolipin binding as a therapeutic principle — Szeto HH
AAPS Journal / consolidating review. 2011. review
- [91]
MMPOWER-3 — a randomised placebo-controlled trial of elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy — Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A, et al.
Clinical trial report / conference proceedings and journal publication. 2021. RCT
- [92]
ReCLAIM-2 — a randomised placebo-controlled trial of elamipretide in dry age-related macular degeneration — Stealth BioTherapeutics clinical program
Clinical trial disclosure. 2023. RCT
- [93]
Elamipretide binds cardiolipin directly and preserves cristae architecture in kidney ischaemia-reperfusion — Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, et al.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013. preclinical — Source
- [94]
Isolation of a biologically active fraction from bovine thymus (thymosin fraction 5) — the discovery paper for the thymosin peptide family — Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, Hardy MA, White A
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1972. preclinical
- [95]
Thymosin alpha-1 — historical, mechanistic and clinical perspective on TLR2/TLR9 co-agonism and dendritic cell maturation — Camerini R, Garaci E
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2015. review
- [96]
Thymalfasin (thymosin alpha-1) in chronic hepatitis B — sustained virological response evidence from randomised controlled trials — Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, et al.
Antiviral therapy. 2001. RCT
- [97]
Efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 for severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised trial — Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al.
Chest. 2013. RCT
- [98]
Zadaxin (thymalfasin) product information — SciClone Pharmaceuticals; approved-market prescribing information across the 35+ countries where it is authorised — SciClone Pharmaceuticals
Manufacturer product information. 2020. guideline
- [99]
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54 — de Roux N, Genin E, Carel J-C, Matsuda F, Chaussain J-L, Milgrom E
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003. observational — Source
- [100]
The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty — human genetic evidence for KISS1R signalling as an obligate node of reproductive endocrinology — Seminara SB, Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2003. observational — Source
- [101]
Kisspeptin-54 as an oocyte maturation trigger in in-vitro fertilisation — a randomised trial demonstrating reduced ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk — Abbara A, Jayasena CN, Christopoulos G, et al.
Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2015. RCT — Source
- [102]
Kisspeptin administration restores luteinising hormone pulsatility in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea — Dhillo group investigator-initiated series — Chan YM, Butler JP, Sidhoum VF, et al.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012. observational
- [103]
Kisspeptins and GnRH neuronal signalling — a consolidating review of the reproductive-endocrine role — Colledge WH
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009. review
- [104]
Regulatory peptides Selank and Semax — a developer's consolidating review of design principles, chemistry and clinical evidence — Myasoedov NF
Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry / review. 2011. review
- [105]
Clinical efficacy of Selank in generalised anxiety disorder and neurasthenia — a representative Russian clinical study — Kozlovskaya MM, Kozlovskii II, Val'dman EA, Seredenin SB
Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2001. observational
- [106]
Mechanistic characterisation of Selank — BDNF/NGF upregulation and enkephalinase inhibition — Medvedev AE, Gnedenko OV, Ershov PV, et al.
Neurochemistry-focused Russian journal. 2015. preclinical
- [107]
Selank® pharmaceutical registration documentation — Russian State Registry of Medicinal Products — Russian State Registry of Medicinal Products
Regulatory registry documentation. 2003. guideline
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Semax 1% intranasal solution in acute ischaemic stroke — Moscow clinical program supporting the Russian registration — Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Miasoedov NF, et al.
Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2005. RCT
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Extension of the Semax stroke clinical evidence base into the 2010s — Skvortsova continuation studies — Skvortsova VI, Gusev EI, et al.
Russian neurological journals. 2013. observational
- [110]
Semax pharmaceutical registration documentation — Russian State Registry of Medicinal Products — Russian State Registry of Medicinal Products
Regulatory registry documentation. 1994. guideline
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Isolation of a delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) from cerebral venous blood of rabbits during electrically induced slow-wave sleep — Monnier M, Schoenenberger GA
Experientia. 1977. preclinical
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Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) — a consolidating review of the founding discovery and early clinical work — Schoenenberger GA
European Neurology. 1984. review
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Delta sleep-inducing peptide human clinical characterisation — Kastin group historic studies — Graf MV, Kastin AJ
Peptides. 1984. observational
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Modern mechanistic characterisation of DSIP — Kovalzon Russian sleep laboratory — Kovalzon VM
Neurochemical Journal. 2013. review
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NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration — mechanistic consolidating review — Verdin E
Science. 2015. review — Source
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NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease — the therapeutic axis — Imai S-i, Guarente L
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014. review
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Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans — first pharmacokinetic characterisation — Trammell SAJ, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, et al.
Nature Communications. 2016. observational — Source
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women — first randomised placebo-controlled human clinical trial of NMN — Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al.
Science. 2021. RCT
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Historic IV NAD+ programme in addiction recovery — the O'Hollaren / Hitt clinical tradition — O'Hollaren PM, Hitt WC
Western Journal of Medicine (historical). 1961. observational
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Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification — the foundational review of endogenous glutathione biology — Meister A
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1988. review
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Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson disease — pilot study — Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, et al.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 1996. observational
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Philippines FDA public advisory on the unregistered use of intravenous glutathione for cosmetic skin lightening — documented serious adverse events including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and hepatic/renal dysfunction — Philippines Food and Drug Administration
Public regulatory warning. 2011. guideline
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The systemic availability of oral glutathione — Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992. observational
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Randomised controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione — Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al.
European Journal of Nutrition. 2015. RCT — Source
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The α-MSH-derived tripeptide KPV is a topically active anti-inflammatory in DSS-induced colitis — Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008. preclinical — Source
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GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration — a consolidating review — Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A
BioMed Research International / consolidating review. 2018. review — Source
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Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone — Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006. RCT — Source
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A phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of tesamorelin (a growth hormone–releasing factor analogue) in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat — Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. RCT — Source
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Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation — a randomised clinical trial — Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, et al.
JAMA. 2014. RCT — Source
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Peptides & Compounds — The No-Jargon Guide (v5) — Healthy Mango Editorial
Healthy Mango practitioner reference. 2026. guideline
