Knowledge
Clinical evidence
Reading a clinical trial. Distinguishing animal from human data. Understanding evidence tiers and regulatory pathways.
4 questions
What do the evidence levels A, B, C, D mean?
Healthy Mango's evidence tiers describe how much human clinical evidence supports a compound. A = strong human RCTs; B = moderate human trials; C = early human data; D = preclinical only.
What is a phase-3 trial and why does it matter?
Phase-3 trials are the large (often 1000–5000 participant), randomised, controlled, blinded trials that establish efficacy and safety for regulatory approval. They are the highest evidence tier in clinical medicine.
Why doesn't strong preclinical evidence guarantee a human clinical effect?
Mouse and human biology are similar but not identical, and rodent injury models differ from human clinical contexts in important ways. Preclinical strength predicts human effect in some biology (receptor pharmacology) and not others (tissue repair, cognition).
Why do some peptides become approved medicines while others don't?
Approval depends on biology plus patent protectability plus indication clarity plus market size — not simply on whether a compound works. Naturally-occurring sequences with broad, diffuse effects are often the least investible even when their biology is interesting.